A bootstrap analysis (Figure 3) shows that most of the clades recovered by the most parsimonious tree are relatively well supported (i.e., bootstrap values higher than 50%). The fossil remains of Kretzoiarctos reported here, however, at least conclusively document the occurrence of ailuropodines by the Middle Miocene of Eurasia, with Ballusia and Ursavus displaying a successive basal position with regard to crown ursids as a whole. With regard to Ailuropodinae, our analysis indicates that this subfamily constitutes a monophyletic clade, sister-taxon to that including the remaining ursid subfamilies (Tremarctinae and Ursinae), in agreement with molecular analyses [13]. Long and low-crowned m1, with the metaconid and protoconid of similar height, long and shallow talonid basin, and no cusp at the paraconid-hypoconid valley. The single living representative of this group, the giant panda, markedly differs from the remaining living bears by the particular features of its masticatory apparatus [1], [2], [3], [4], which had been previously tracked backwards in time until the Late Miocene genera Agriarctos from Europe [16] and Ailurarctos from Asia [5]. The character description can be consulted in the Text S1.
Kretzoiarctos (ABELLA, MONTOYA & MORALES, 2012) ye un chenero de mamiferos carnivoros en a familia Ursidae y subfamilia Ailuropodinae. Agriarctos spp.
Among crown ursids, the dichotomy between Ailuropodinae (bootstrap value 82) and the clade composed by Tremarctinae + Ursinae (bootstrap value 82) is also well supported. Chronological range: the type locality has an age of ca. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048985, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00879.x. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048985.g002. Cladogram metrics: tree length, 159 steps; Consistency Index, 0.553; Retention Index, 0.710; Homoplasy Index, 0.447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048985.g003. However, most importantly, the inclusion of Kretzoiarctos and the other putative extinct ailuropodines in this subfamily is well supported not only by the most parsimonious cladogram but also by the bootstrap analysis.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Kretzoiarctos differs from Agriarctos in the following features: smaller dental size; less developed lower premolars without strong accessory cusps; P4 with a less developed parastyle, a less complex and more mesially-situated protocone, much less developed basal labial cingulum, more labiolingually-compressed labial cusps (parastyle, paracone and metastyle), and P4 slightly longer than the M1 (instead of being similar in length). Kretzoiarctos beatrix is an extinct genus of bear that lived in Spain during the Miocene epoch around 11.6 million years ago. Family: Ursidae Subfamily: Ailuropodinae. The premolars (p2–p4) have a single main cusp that displays a duniform shape, as well as poorly-developed mesial and distal accessory cusps.
The type species of Agriarctos, Ag. The Ailuropodini, comprising the extant giant panda and the remaining fossil Ailuropodinae–including Kretzoiarctos–, can be distinguished from the Indarctini by a set of derived dental features (elongated P4, presence of a labial parastyle in the P4, development distal and mesial accessory cusps in the premolars), which we interpret as adaptations towards a more herbivorous diet. 2012. A cladistic analysis of fossil and extant members of the Ursoidea confirms the inclusion of the new genus into the Ailuropodinae. Order Carnivora Bowdich, 1821; suborder Caniformia Kretzoi, 1942; infraorder Arctoidea Flower, 1869; parvorder Ursida Tedford, 1976; superfamiliy Ursoidea Fischer von Waldheim, 1814; family Ursidae Fischer von Waldheim, 1814; subfamily Ailuropodinae Grevé, 1894; tribe Ailuropodini Grevé, 1894; Kretzoiarctos gen. nov. Etymology: Dedicated to the paleontologist Miklós Kretzoi and from the Greek ‘arctos’ (bear). Synonyms: Ursavus depereti (in ref. The m1 is long and low-crowned; the metaconid and the protoconid are similar in heigh; the talonid basin is long and shallow; no cusp can be observed within the paraconid-hypoconid valley.
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