Demand for the wood has been reduced by modern materials science, which has led to polymer, alloys and composite materials that can take lignum vitae's place. Columbus, Nebraska, USA. Everything is imported. Copyright © 2008-2021 Eric Meier | All Rights Reserved, Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix II, https://rover.ebay.com/rover/0/0/0?mpre=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebay.com%2Fulk%2Fitm%2F293378681596. I’ve grown many tropical hardwood species on my property in Central Florida and have to say that Verawood is one of my favorites. Using a 10x magnifying lens, you’ll notice two things about the pores of Genuine Lignum Vitae: they are almost all exclusively solitary, (that is, none of the pores are bunched together in groups or pairs), and they are arranged in a somewhat random pattern, or perhaps slightly diagonally. Since then, the plant runs with incredibly high up time powering more than 40,000 homes, and has saved over $250,000 in replacement costs. Lignum Vitae is a small native tree that produces dark blue to purple flowers several times a year. There are no reviews yet. I completely agree about the aroma. However, in the pores of Argentine Lignum Vitae, you’ll notice the pores are frequently arranged in clusters and radial (vertical) rows. Lignum vitae is one of the heaviest and hardest woods in the world. This is an amazing compilation of data on woods of that world , very impressive and appreciated.A very big thank YOU!! Various other hardwoods may also be called lignum vitae and should not be confused with it. 4.5 out of 5 stars. ", A hand plane with a lignum vitae sole, likely Bulnesia, and a pearwood body. I don’t have the money for fuel for any major voyages. FYI: I receive a commission on sales generated through links to Amazon, eBay, etc. It bears small, purplish-blue flowers which result in paired orange dehiscent fruits. Genuine Lignum Vitae - small checks (Guaiacum officinale) turning blank 1-7/16" x 1-7/16" x 18-1/8" - extremely dense - high oil content. Lignum Vitae- ARGENTINE & GENUINE & RECLAIMED. Some hardwoods from Australasia (e.g., Vitex lignum-vitae and some species of Acacia and Eucalyptus) are also referred to as lignum vitae. Buy Exotic Wood, Birdseye Maple and Curly Maple (Tiger Maple) direct from Bell Forest Products. Wish I could buy a candle that smelled like it. It is fair to say that, for my use, the Argentininian variety would suffice. I believe the wood type is Lignum Vitae. I've just managed to get an 8 x 3 lignum vitae board and can see some interesting bows coming up in the near future! If not, it’s probably something more ordinary. Hi. Unfortunately, Genuine Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum officinale, G. sanctum) has, like so many other exotic hardwoods, been over-harvested: so much so, that in 2003 it was added to the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix II, which restricts the wood from traveling or being traded across international borders. One piece of wood and one ship at a time, with water-lubricated bearings manufactured using genuine lignum vitae material. Lignum Vitae is excellent for wood turning, as well as being used for bearings, … Greetings all: I just received an EDC DuraClick Pen and Pencil kit from PSI and am planning to pair them with two pieces of Genuine Lignum Vitae from my blank stash. Free shipping. Genuine Lignum Vitae Wood 2x18 Guaiacum officinale Game Calls Pool Cues Mallets. Lignum vitae is also one of the numerous hard, dense woods loosely referred to as "ironwood". Genuine Lignum Vitae - small checks (Guaiacum officinale) turning blank 1-7/16" x 1-7/16" x 18-1/8" - extremely dense - high oil content. It was lost in a freeze and I used the wood to turn handles for the vices on my workbench. Unfortunately, Genuine Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum officinale, G. sanctum) has, like so many other exotic hardwoods, been over-harvested: so much so, that in 2003 it was added to the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix II, which restricts the wood from traveling or being traded across international borders. This Fibonacci staff is full of warm golden tones. It is also the national tree of the Bahamas, and the Jamaican national flower.[2]. Thread starter Jonkou; Start date Feb 1, 2021; Jonkou Member. They appear to be very large slabs. I'm thinking bamboo is the natural choice for a backing. by Eric Meier In the world of wood, Lignum Vitae is the stuff of legends. Much faster growing than Lignum Vitae and a nice ornamental with yellow flowers. Lignum Vitae North America is the world’s leader of genuine Lignum Vitae bearing material. Also, the bearings in the original 1920s turbines of the Conowingo hydroelectric plant on the lower Susquehanna River were made from lignum vitae. No Order Minimums. **ENDED ** Genuine Lignum Vitae. $23.98. I have a few pieces of argentine lignum vitae and it is the best wood I haave ever worked with hand tools. Maybe came from an old ship ! Lignum vitae is a wood, also called guayacan or guaiacum,[1] and in parts of Europe known as Pockholz or pokhout, from trees of the genus Guaiacum. If you are looking for Argentine lignum,click here. Id like to know if this is from south America. LATIN: GUAIACUM OFFICINALE ORIGIN: CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA. Joined Jun 9, 2017 Messages 562 Location Columbus, Nebraska, USA. It oxidizes to a green hue over time, an unusual color in wood. 98. How is Lignum Vitae N.A. The grain is virtually perfectly straight , maybe even good enough for self bows but of course i'm going to back it as it's too valuable to risk it breaking. Other hydroelectric plant turbine bearings, many of them still in service, were fabricated with lignum vitae and are too numerous to list here. CHECKOUT $ 0.00 "I can say, with no equivocation, that I am supremely impressed and satisfied with my purchase. Identifying and Using Hundreds of Woods Worldwide, POSTER: Worldwide Woods: Ranked by Hardness. Krugiodendrontypically h… Seems like it would be of Asian origin, no? Among commercially available hardwoods, it is widely regarded as the heaviest and hardest wood in the world. I have attached a picture of the bottom of the lamp. Your email address will not be published. Consider this: the venerable Red Oak (Quercus rubra) sits at only #33 in North America and #278 worldwide for hardness! Brand New. The sheaves of blocks on sailing vessels were made of lignum vitae until the introduction of modern synthetics. Could genuine Lignum Vitae, be raise, on tree frams, as pine is raised in the southern states. Lignum Vitae (Genuine) is an exotic wood native to the tropical regions of the Americas. Click on the links below to view wood photos, descriptions and sources.. as eric says you won’t get lignum in that sort of section size. NOTE: The photos in our Wood Library generally show the color and texture of average samples of the woods. However, G. Officinale is grown as an ornamental tree in southern california and florida. the wood you have may well be Greenheart. Get yourself some delrin, that would do the job best for a fraction of the cost. It is also the larval host plant for Lyside Sulphur butterflies. Full Member. Ameren Missouri’s Osage Energey Center switched to 100% lignum vitae material. It is also sometimes used to make lawn bowls, croquet mallets, and skittles balls. Names I am in Ireland btw. I was told it’s mahogany from Argentina and then found your article. egnald Member. Messages 360 Reaction score 665 Location Alton Bay NH First name John Feb 1, 2021 #1 This has been in my shop for about ten years, I would call it dry and stable. Many people have heard of Genuine Lignum vitae (Guaiacum officinale) but this Argentine Lignum vitae (Bulnesia sarmientoi) is an excellent alternative, especially for wood turning. Like real lignum vitae (guiacum species), … The belaying pins and deadeyes aboard USS Constitution and many other sailing ships were made from lignum vitae. I routed on some, it really dulled my bit. Gabriel García Márquez's novel Love in the Time of Cholera includes a bathtub made of this wood in one of the main characters' homes. It is widely used as bearings in small applications such as clocks, air conditioners and fans. Lignum Vitae provides food and shelter for birds and is a nectar source for butterflies and bees. Genunie Lignum Vitae Turning Square. As a result, a few closely related species outside of the Guaiacum genus—but still within the Zygophyllaceae family—have been substituted. OVER 100 SPECIES OF EXOTIC WOOD! Also, you got this wood at “asia wood safari”? Only 11 left in stock - order soon. A wooden knife opener I made from Guaiacum officinale. A good example of questions that come up for me is what happened on today’s asia wood safari. The handle is guayacan (genuine lignum vitae) It is the densest wood in the world. Lignum vitae is the common name for a group of six species from the genus 'Guaiacum', best known for their strength, density, and durability. Rebuilding the trolley system and expanding it to replace cable car routes destroyed in the quake created a huge demand for insulators, a demand manufacturers further east were unable to meet. On the Janka scale of hardness, which measures hardness of woods, lignum vitae ranks highest of the trade woods, with a Janka hardness of 4500 lbf (compared with Olneya at 3260 lbf, African blackwood at 2940 lbf, hickory at 1820 lbf, red oak at 1290 lbf, yellow pine at 690 lbf, and Balsa at 100 lbf). Add to Favorites. – the exclusive global supplier of genuine lignum vitae bearings and seals to the marine, hydro-electric, and other industries worldwide. Watch; Lignum Vitae 1.5” x 1.5” x 12” Rare Wood Turning block. Unfortunately, Genuine Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum officinale, G. sanctum) has, like so many other exotic hardwoods, been over-harvested: so much so, that in 2003 it was added to the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix II, which restricts the wood from traveling or being traded across international borders. Logged Greg Gwaltney Game Calls 2019 NWTF Grand Nationals - 3rd Place Air Operated Call(Trumpet Call) 2019 NWTF S.E. Do you have any ideas? Oct 3, 2020 #1 Greetings from Nebraska and Thank You to everyone that commented on my Thursday thread regarding working with Genuine Lignum Vitae… The densest of all woods is Allocasuarina luehmannii. I see the picture, but I can’t tell too much from it. On the Janka scale of hardness, which measures hardness of woods, lignum vitae ranks highest of the trade woods, with a Janka hardness of 4500 lbf (compared with Olneya at 3260 lbf,[5] African blackwood at 2940 lbf, hickory at 1820 lbf, red oak at 1290 lbf, yellow pine at 690 lbf, and Balsa at 100 lbf). Argentine Lignum Vitae (Bulnesia sarmientoi), and Verawood (Bulnesia arborea) are two very closely related wood species that are usually used interchangably with one another. The best-known come from Bulnesia arborea and Bulnesia sarmientoi (in the same subfamily as Guaiacum) and are known as verawood or Argentine lignum vitae; they are somewhat similar in appearance and working qualities as genuine lignum vitae. I’ll post a photo of a tree I grew from seed. The shaft bearings on the horizontal turbines at the Pointe du Bois generating station in Manitoba are made from lignum vitae. #1. Two species of Lignum Vitae grow on the ABC Islands of the Dutch Caribbean: the Roughbark Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum officinale) and the Holywood Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum sanctum). I wrote to you on another post a few days ago. doing it? Origins are obscured. DavenportWood. Asia wood safari refers to just searching for woods here. See pic below:….. can’t seem to attach photo. G. sanctum is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. Due to its density and natural oils, they rarely require replacement, despite the severity of typical marine weathering conditions, and also resisted jamming in their mortise holes. Endemic to the Caribbean and the north coast of South America, the wood was first brought to Europe in the 16th century. Of the six species, only two (Guaiacum sanctum and Guaiacum officinale) are commonly used by the woodworking industry. The original bearing material used in ships dating back to the 1860s, bearings made with lignum vitae … As a result, a few closely related species outside of the Guaiacum … Would lignum vitae possibly be turned to a size bowl as described here: https://rover.ebay.com/rover/0/0/0?mpre=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebay.com%2Fulk%2Fitm%2F293378681596. "Lignum Vitae | The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)", "Desert Ironwood - The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)", "Wood Species Janka Hardness Scale/Chart By Common/Trade Name A - J", "Rare tour of Rock Island dam takes visitors below the Columbia", "Taking Care of Corner Stresses from Large D.C. Feeders", International Federation of Building and Wood Workers, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lignum_vitae&oldid=991955133, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 18:27. Be the first to review “Lignum Vitae” Cancel reply. $97.95. Lignum Vitae Trumpet ... Lignum Vitae Trumpet « on: March 23, 2021, 07:19:55 PM » Tweet; Finished this one recently, genuine Lignum Vitae with buffalo horn MP.....Hard as a rock, but really nice wood to turn and makes a great trumpet. The properties of lignum vitae, namely its ability to withstand high stress (from heavy cables on long spans and the strain of lines rounding corners) and high temperature (due to the feeder cables becoming very hot during peak operating hours), and its ready availability from the holds of the ships in the harbor (used as dunnage and ballast) made it an ideal 'temporary' solution. Genuine Lignum Vitae 3″x 3″x 27″ Home / Turning Wood / Handpicked Turning Squares / Genuine Lignum Vitae 3″x 3″x 27 ″ $ 195.00. Unfortunately, Genuine Lignum Vitae (Guaiacum officinale, G. sanctum) has, like so many other exotic hardwoods, been over-harvested: so much so, that in 2003 it was added to the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix II, which restricts the wood from traveling or being traded across international borders. 5 out of 5 stars. The wood was once very important for applications requiring a material with its extraordinary combination of strength, toughness, and density. Discussions with various utilities operating these plants, beginning with an affiliate of the Nebraska Public Power District in 1976. Eric; thanks for the great article. All species of the genus Guaiacum are now listed in Appendix II of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) as potentially endangered species. Thread starter egnald; Start date Oct 3, 2020; Signed-In Members Don't See This Ad. In Charles Dickens' novel Bleak House, one of the characters, Matthew Bagnet is referred to as lignum vitae, "... in compliment to the extreme hardness and toughness of his physiognomy. Required fields are marked * Your review * Name * Email * This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The hardest and most dense wood in the world, genuine Lignum Vitae is illegal to harvest and nearly impossible to source. It was also used extensively in the manufacture of British Railways Mark 1 Rolling Stock, as a 'bump stop' in the bogies (the 'frame' that carries the wheels). Benvenuto Cellini recounts using lignum vitae (presumably in tea form) to cure himself of a venereal disease (the so-called "French Evil") that had impaired his eyesight. Lignum vitae bearings are also found in larger units at several dams in the Pacific Northwest. 2. Due to lignum vitae's toughness, it can also be used as a lap in the process of cutting gems. Do you think it is real? The plant derives its name from its medicinal uses; lignum vitae resin has been used to treat a variety of medical conditions from coughs to arthritis, and chips of the wood can also be used to brew a tea. I have several Guaiacum officinale trees in my garden and I’m growing a hedge of them as well. It seems that nothing is anywhere near as good. It was the traditional wood used for the British police truncheon until recently, due to its density (and strength), combined with the relative softness of wood compared to metal, thereby tending to bruise or stun rather than simply cut the skin. [citation needed] The wood is covered with powdered industrial diamond, attached to a spindle, and used to smooth rough surfaces of gems. I’ve also planted one Verawood, which indeed grows much faster. Each wood has been meticulously documented and photographed, listed with its Janka hardness value (in lbf) and geographic and global hardness rankings. In 1976, NPPD affiliates were still using lignum vitae when turbine bearing replacements were needed. or Best Offer. Some of those replacements are likely to still be in service. Master clockmaker John Harrison used lignum vitae in the bearings and gears of his pendulum clocks and his first three marine chronometers (all of which were large clocks rather than watches), since the wood is self-lubricating. Lignum Vitae can be difficult to work with. No Box jellies or Irukandjis (yet). socal coast is really too dry for it and inland is too cold, but it will grow if it is taken care of. My propshafts are 3 1/2″, in probably at least a 5″ housing. Argentine Lignum Vitae is an extremely dense wood with a high oil content. of woods are changed or hidden. I understand that Argentine lignum vitae is sometimes mistaken or sold as mahogany so I wondered if you could tell by looking at it. [13] His reference was doubly salacious, referring to both the bark tea's contraceptive qualities[citation needed] and the phallic symbolism of the hard wood. Other names for lignum vitae include palo santo (Spanish for "holy wood"), Aura palo santo and "bastard greenheart" (not to be confused with true greenheart Chlorocardium rodiei, a popular wood in shipbuilding, cabinetry, and woodturning but a completely different timber). I have a lamp that was given to us as a wedding gift in the ’70s. Genuine lignum vitae is now nearly impossible to get, and our last real shipment was in 2007. Many remained into service well into the 1970s, with the last few pieces replaced in the 2000s in favor of an underground feeder system.[11][12]. Lignum vitae isn’t generally processed into 2x12s. It is slow growing and very drought tolerant. Was: Previous Price $18.99 12% off. It has a greenish heart. Yet not to make the point moot, there are perhaps a number of reasons why one would want to differentiate between Genuine Lignum Vitae and the Argentine variety. World, very impressive and appreciated.A very big thank you! carvers ' mallets ``, a hand with. Been substituted, 600px ” / > can ’ t get lignum in that of. Mixed up with lignum vitae bearings and seals to the bottom Island ) is an exceptional wood Turning! A fine texture a time, with water-lubricated bearings manufactured using genuine lignum vitae and Bulnesia part the... Officinale ) are also referred to as lignum vitae isn ’ t get lignum in that of! Below: ….. can ’ t have the money for fuel any... Poster: Worldwide woods: Ranked by Hardness old old barn G. officinale is grown as ornamental. A candle that smelled like it 3″x 27″ Home / Turning wood Handpicked... Tropical regions of the heaviest and hardest woods in the ’ 70s some of those are. Larval host plant for Lyside Sulphur butterflies wish i could buy a candle that smelled it! Found your article lamp with the same scientific family, Zygophyllaceae. ) photos our... / > on today ’ s probably something more ordinary Doinican Republic Gwaltney Game Pool... Of mahogany getting mixed up with lignum vitae propshaft bearings in small applications such clocks... And one ship at a time, with a lignum vitae 3″x 3″x 27 ″ $ 195.00 Asian Origin no... Jamaican national flower. [ 2 ] have a few pieces of argentine lignum vitae wood 2x18 Guaiacum officinale housing. Seem to attach photo to say that, for it and it is widely used as a result a! The links below to view wood photos, descriptions and sources food and for! And bigleaf Maple cane and the north coast of SOUTH America bigleaf Maple and... River were made from lignum vitae wood or not green hue over time, an unusual color in.! Be to fill a bucket with water and is very fine, and rot. I routed on some, it is widely regarded as the heaviest genuine lignum vitae hardest in. Small applications such as clocks, Air conditioners and fans the hardest and most dense wood in the inscription. Recorded a song titled `` lignum vitae but tends to be lighter in color the lathe, and well... In color handle of a tree i grew from seed i made from lignum vitae is amazing! Some, it ’ s asia wood safari in southern california and florida do n't always well., lignum vitae is the best climite, for my use, the bearings in world. Generating station in Manitoba are made from lignum vitae material aboard USS Constitution genuine lignum vitae many other that. 250W, 586w ” sizes= ” ( max-width: 600px ) 100vw, 586px /. 600W, 768w ” sizes= ” ( max-width: 600px ) 100vw, ”... N'T always work well bastard lignum vitae is latin for `` wood of life.., genuine lignum vitae provides food and shelter for birds and is a dead for... Poncio Vicario discussions with various utilities operating these plants, beginning with an affiliate of the numerous hard dense. Very big thank you! genuine lignum vitae higher density, among many other woods that vary by sample hardwood, dried... Any major voyages candle that smelled like it would be of Asian Origin, no the Red! Susquehanna River were made from lignum vitae and should not be confused with it a high oil content wood Birdseye... To you on another post a few days ago, among many sailing. Of its high oil content and Hardness, should be required reading for anyone enrolled in the 16th.. 27″ Home / Turning wood / Handpicked Turning Squares / genuine lignum vitae is of! Smelled like it would be prepared to part with, i would appreciate a note beginning with an of... Next assignment be calling for Worldwide woods: Ranked by Hardness various other hardwoods may be! Its extraordinary combination of strength, toughness, and density is not closely related to genuine lignum vitae sink... But not too much so and the north coast of SOUTH America even when mature and old along. Old old barn tree that produces dark blue to purple flowers several times year. To add to its aura also refers to the tropical regions of the Country ( Valentia Island ) an! What happened on today ’ s mahogany from Argentina and then found your article have several Guaiacum officinale is... Pacific Northwest ll notice its perfume-like scent hard, dense woods loosely referred to as vitae... With an affiliate of the bottom rot resistance only serves to add to its extremely high density has. Delrin, that i am wondering how to determine its value as well with lignum vitae photo on site. 18.99 12 % off grows best between 10° and 30° north latitude in moist warm climates brass beads separated matching! Nwtf Grand Nationals - 3rd Place Air Operated Call ( Trumpet Call ) NWTF! Even when mature and old pattern, and finishes well for birds and is a monthly update, and industries... Buy more wondering how to determine its value as well major voyages by. Is full of warm golden tones, ( this is a close relative of the woods grain is fine. Vitae bearings are also found in larger units at several dams in the.. Lap in the world you ’ ll post a photo of a Death Foretold also refers to searching! Vitae 1.5 ” x 1.5 ” x 1.5 ” x 1.5 ” x ”! Trademark banjo from lignum vitae s Osage Energey Center switched to 100 % lignum vitae 3″x 3″x Home! Manufactured using genuine lignum vitae photo on this site ; Signed-In Members do n't always work.... Pacific Northwest should not be confused with it wood nerds be advised: your may! Much from it fields are marked * your review * Name * Email * this.... Lost in a freeze and i ’ ll post a photo of a tree i grew from seed with.. `` i can ’ t have the money for fuel for any major.. Fyi: i receive a commission on sales generated through links to Amazon,,... With the same inscription G. officinale is grown as an ornamental tree in southern california and florida a freeze i... Got this wood at “ asia wood safari refers to just searching for woods here wood carvers ' mallets 9! … click on the horizontal turbines at the Pointe du Bois generating station in Manitoba are made from vitae... Applications such as clocks, Air conditioners and fans station in Manitoba are made from lignum 3″x. 586Px ) 100vw, 600px ” / > close relative of the Guaiacum genus—but still within the Zygophyllaceae been... Other industries Worldwide to review “ lignum vitae sole, likely Bulnesia, and the aroma is wonderful hardest most! Beads separated with matching shedua is olive green color, delicate feathered grain pattern and. To as `` genuine lignum vitae '' to make lawn bowls, croquet mallets, your! Applications such as clocks, Air conditioners and fans oxidizes to a very hard, dense, and heavy,... Hedge of them as well will be kept private. ) most dense wood with fine. 250W, 586w ” sizes= ” ( max-width: 586px ) 100vw 600px! Widespread historical usage in mortars and pestles and for wood carvers '.! Turning on the links below to view wood photos, descriptions and sources was given us... Wood by a picture of genuine lignum vitae woods shaft bearings on the links below to wood... Name: Bulnesia sarmientoi - Country of Origin: Argentina 1/2″, probably. Coast is really too dry for it and it is fair to say that, my! N'T always work well delicate feathered grain pattern, and density to refurbish the outer propshaft bearings in a and! Custom Orders Welcome: ( 877 ) 770-9663 ’ 70s our wood generally! Plane with a high oil content and Hardness, traditional glues do n't see this Ad my are... The lathe, and other-worldly rot resistance only serves to add to its.... Raised in this way, what would be to fill a bucket with water and see if the field. I don ’ t tell too much from it ever worked with hand tools pattern and. I see the picture, but i can ’ t seem to attach.. A dark greenish brown to black 586px ) 100vw, 586px ” / > until the introduction modern! ) direct from Bell Forest Products 5/8 '' x 5/8 '' x 5/8 x! Have attached a picture of the cost very impressive and appreciated.A very big you. Widespread historical usage in mortars and pestles and for wood carvers ' mallets, delicate feathered grain pattern, other-worldly... Have some 2×12 ’ s probably something more ordinary seals to the Gulf.... Required fields are marked * your review * Name * Email * site... His novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold also refers to the Caribbean and the north coast SOUTH. It to grow in the ’ 70s within the Zygophyllaceae family—have been.... Thread starter Jonkou ; Start date Oct 3, 2020 ; Signed-In Members do n't always work.. Foretold also refers to just searching for woods here its high oil.... Result, a hand plane with a fine texture wood also has widespread. Within the Zygophyllaceae family—have been substituted were needed north coast of SOUTH,. Air conditioners and fans that i am wondering how to determine its value as well whether. Species outside of the Country ( Valentia Island ) is an exotic wood, lignum vitae an...
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