The second Greek city founded after the conquest in Egypt was Ptolemais, 400 miles (640 km) up the Nile, where there was a native village called Psoï, in the nome called after the ancient Egyptian city of Thinis. The first part of Ptolemy I's reign was dominated by the Wars of the Diadochi between the various successor states to the empire of Alexander.
Ptolemy XIII and his advisors fled the palace, turning the Egyptian forces loyal to the throne against Caesar and Cleopatra, who barricaded themselves in the palace complex until Roman reinforcements could arrive to combat the rebellion, known afterward as the battles in Alexandria. Three years of campaigning at the start of his reign (called the First Syrian War) left Ptolemy the master of the eastern Mediterranean, controlling the Aegean islands and the coastal districts of Cilicia, Pamphylia, Lycia and Caria. [91] They also introduced crops such as durum wheat and intensified the production of goods such as wool. In 145 BC, he was killed in the Battle of Antioch. Philometor eventually regained the throne. Beginning with the Second Syrian War (260–253 BC), the navy suffered a series of defeats and declined in military importance, which coincided with the loss of Egypt's overseas possessions and the erosion of its maritime hegemony. Knowing that she would be taken to Rome to be paraded in Octavian's triumph (and likely executed thereafter), Cleopatra and her handmaidens committed suicide on 12 August 30 BC. With the arrival of Roman reinforcements, and after a few battles in Alexandria, Ptolemy XIII was defeated at the Battle of the Nile. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. In the Alexandrian and Roman renewed vogue for the Greco-Roman mysteries at the turn of the millennium into the common era — mystery cults had already existed for centuries — the worship of Horus became widely extended, linked with his mother Isis and his father Serapis. Studies in Waterborne Power, Cambridge 2013, 172-184", "The Great Library of Alexandria?". If there are records of people arguing against this kind of thing I'm not aware of it (but would love to learn more if anybody knows). In 332 BC, Alexander the Great, King of Macedon invaded the Achaemenid satrapy of Egypt. Among other thinkers associated with the Library or other Alexandrian patronage were the mathematician Euclid (ca. I am kemetic and I think the deities are separate but in the same plane of existence. Perdiccas appointed Ptolemy, one of Alexander's closest companions, to be satrap of Egypt. "The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 B.C.)". The most famous Ptolemaic pharaoh, Cleopatra VII, was at different times married to and reigning with two of her brothers (Ptolemy XIII until 47 BC and then Ptolemy XIV until 44 BC), and their parents were likely siblings or possibly cousins as well. [63] With territories and vassals spread across the eastern Mediterranean, including Cyprus, Crete, the Aegean islands, and Thrace, the Ptolemies required a large navy to defend against enemies like the Seleucids and Macedonians. Following Alexander's death, control passed into the hands of the Lagid (Ptolemaic) Dynasty; they built Greek cities across their empire and gave land grants across Egypt to the veterans of their many military conflicts. [54], To obtain reliable and loyal soldiers, the Ptolemies developed several strategies that leveraged their ample financial resources and even Egypt's historical reputation for wealth; royal propaganda could be evidenced in a line by the poet Theocritus, "Ptolemy is the best paymaster a free man could have".
As a Hermeticist I believe in all deities to an extent, and I’m curious as to how the cosmogony of the Hellenist/Ptolemaic system works. [37] For example, a relief in the temple of Kom Ombo is separated from other scenes by two vertical columns of texts. He is often represented with the head of a Eurasian sparrowhawk, which was sacred to him, as the hawk flies high above the Earth. Over time she grew in importance, though, eventually becoming the most important goddess in the pantheon. As children, Cleopatra and her siblings witnessed the defeat of their guardian, Pompey, by Julius Caesar through civil war.
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