Nicholas I, Russian in full Nikolay Pavlovich, (born July 6 [June 25, Old Style], 1796, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia—died February 18 [March 2, New Style], 1855, St. Petersburg), Russian emperor (1825–55), often considered the personification of classic autocracy. Yet it is believed that he showed kindness and consideration to his younger children and that, in fact, he loved and cherished them tenderly. He thus carried on a war against Turkey (1828–29). Biography. Nicholas also wished to dictate his will to Europe. Omissions? 18 February] 1855) reigned as Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 until 1855. Once on the throne, he was sure that he would be enlightened from above for the accomplishment of his divine mission, and he conceived an exalted idea of his personal dignity and … He married Charlotte von Preußen (1798-1860) 13 July 1817 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Corrections? Nicholas I was the emperor of Russia from 1825 to 1855 and was known for his autocratic and orthodox policies. Nicholas I began his reign on 14 December 1825 (old style), which fell on a Monday; Russian superstition held that Mondays were unluck… Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The future emperor found it much more congenial to examine military and naval centres. In England, Nicholas stayed mostly in London, although he travelled to a score of other places. His aim was to freeze every germ of free thought and independent moral feeling, as disturbing agents of the order of things entrusted by God to his personal care. The solemn wedding followed some 20 months later, on July 13, 1817. Nikolay I Pavlovich; 6 July [ O.S. Nicholas was not insensible to the chief social question in Russia—that of serfdom. Cold and reserved, he inspired fear and hatred, and he consciously made use of these feelings as the instrument of his power. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Though, on the whole, a belief that Nicholas had not been trained for his role of Russian sovereign is wrong, he did profit little from the instruction, which he found rigid and tedious. Nicholas was … He wished to become a real “policeman” of Europe, and at Münchengrätz (Mnichovo Hradiště), in September 1833, he renewed relations with Metternich. Not only was Nicholas in love with his wife, but he became very closely attached to his father-in-law as well as to his royal brothers, one of whom was later to be his fellow ruler as King Frederick William IV. Nicholas I. Nicholas was the third son of Paul and Maria, born while his father was still Tsarevich on June 25, 1796. Maria, on the contrary, remained formal and cold in her relationship to the children, very much in keeping with her general character. Nicholas completely lacked his brother's spiritual and intellectual breadth; he saw his role simply as that of a paternal autocrat ruling his people by whatever means necessary. During the entire length of Nicholas’ reign, Russia’s foreign policy was conducted by K. V. Nessel’rode. His brother and predecessor, Alexander I, died childless (1825). Constantine, Paul's second son, was next in succession but had secretly renounced (1822) the throne after marrying a Polish aristocrat. Nicholas received instruction also in dancing, music, singing, and horseback riding and was introduced at an early age to the theatre, costume balls, and other court entertainment. Through Pavel Dmitriyevich Kiselyov’s energy, the same changes were introduced in Poland (1846) and the Russian provinces (1847). His excessive interest in the “sick man” (Ottoman Empire) in Constantinople finished by rousing Europe against him. English, Latin, and Greek were added to the language program. By the Treaty of Adrianople, Greece was liberated; the hospodars (princes) of the Danubian principalities were to be appointed for life and free from Turkish interference in internal affairs. France and Britain declared war on Russia on March 27, 1854. He was a younger brother of Alexander I of Russia and of Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia. Reign: December 1, 1825 - March 2, 1855 (29 years) Coronation: September 3, 1826 Predecessor: Alexander I of Russia: Successor: Alexander II of Russia: Full Name: Nicholas Pavlovich Romanov House: House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov Birth: July 6, 1796 Father: Paul I of Russia (1754-1801) Mother: Sophie Dorothea of Wurttemberg (1759-1828) Brothers: Alexander (1777-1825) … Nicholas was the son of Grand Duke Paul and Grand Duchess Maria. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In sharp contrast with Nicholas’s educational policy, a new generation grew up which was bred by Russian universities, especially Moscow State University, between 1830 and 1848. Nevertheless, the majority of public opinion, led by Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen, Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky, Mikhail Bakunin, Timofey Granovsky, and others, revolted against this Slavophile doctrine. Born in Moscow, Alexander Nikolaevich was the eldest son of Nicholas I of Russia and Charlotte of Prussia (daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia and of Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz). Author of. He was, however, no mystic. He has become best known for having been a reactionary whose controversial reign was marked by geographical expansion, economic growth and massive industrialisation on the one hand, and centralisation of administrative policies and … He was also the King of Polandand Grand Duke of Finland. They execrated Peter the Great’s Europeanization of Russia as a fatal deviation from the genuine course of Russian history, and they wanted Russia to come back to the forsaken principles of the Eastern Church and state—to orthodoxy and autocracy. He resented liberal and nationalist movements. Described by an American diplomat as ‘unquestionably the most … While he did attend the opening of Parliament and in general obtained some knowledge of English politics, his only recorded comments on that score were unfavourable. With a rough nature and incurious intellect, he was conscious of his inferiority and sincerely disliked the idea of becoming emperor. In St. Petersburg, where he was born, he attended a classical high school; he went … In spite of the fact that the revolution was long awaited, it happened unexpectedly. In 1802–03 men replaced women in Nicholas’s entourage, and his regular education began. To all other powers, the Dardanelles were to be closed during wartime. They became the originators of Russian socialism, and Herzen saw socialist elements in the Russian peasants’ commune (mir). Nicholas I (en) Nicholas I of Russia (en) Nicholas Pavlovich Romanov (en) The expulsion of Charles X from France and the November Insurrection (1830–31) in Poland determined the legitimist tendency of Nicholas’s foreign policy. But despite dreaming of order and stability at home, and military victories abroad, he is remembered as the most reactionary of Russia’s monarchs, a symbol of militancy and oppression. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Nicholas I of Russia was born 6 July 1796 in Gatchina, Russia to Paul I of Russia (1754-1801) and Sophia Dorothea von Württemberg (1759-1828) and died 2 March 1855 Saint Petersburg, Russia of unspecified causes. The king was overthrown, and a republic was declared. “We were all as if thunderstruck,” Grand Duke Konstantin Nicholas wasn’t brought up to be Emperor. Russian Empire - Russian Empire - Nicholas I: Nicholas was quite unlike Alexander. By the new statutes of 1835 he detached the primary education intended for the lower classes from the gymnasiums and universities, where only children of gentry and of officials were to be admitted. The courage displayed in the defense of Sevastopol proved useless, as the whole fabric of Russian bureaucratic and autocratic government appeared incapable of competing with European technique. He was also King of Poland until his deposition in 1831. Nicholas especially attended to education; he wished to clear it of everything politically dangerous and confine it to the upper class. Nicholas I considered serfdom evil, but also believed that an immediate abolition of this peculiarly Russian institution would be even worse. Nicholas’s education, as well as that of his younger brother, was interrupted and largely terminated by the great struggles against Napoleon in 1812–15. He loved only military science, becoming a fine army engineer and expert in several other areas of military knowledge. He had held one-sixth of the earth’s surface in an iron grip for thirty years, after succeeding his brother Alexander I in 1825. Nicholas died in St. Petersburg on March 2 (February 18, Old Style), 1855, feeling that all his system was doomed to destruction. The most important political issue facing Russia was the question of serfdom. He reserved for himself the control over public opinion and confided to Aleksandr Khristoforovich, Count Benckendorff, the organization of a new secret police of gendarmes controlled by the “third section” of the personal and imperial chancery. … Nicholas was quite unlike Alexander. The growing grand duke studied French and German as well as Russian, world history, and general geography in French, together with the history and geography of Russia. Battle sites and key locations in the Crimean War. In 1802–03 men replaced women in Nicholas’s entourage, and his regular education began. Richard Cavendish | Published in History Today Volume 55 Issue 3 March 2005. He was the third son of Paul I and younger brother of his predecessor, Alexander I. Nicholas inherited his brother's throne despite the failed Decembrist revolt against him. Death of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia. They were not politicians or liberals of a Franco-English type. Nicholas was born at Gatchina Palace in Gatchina to Grand Duke Paul, and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg).Five months after his birth, his grandmother, Catherine the Great, died and his parents became emperor and empress of Russia.He was a younger brother of Emperor Alexander I of Russia, who succeeded to the throne in 1801, and of … Since he was a political conservative, his reign was known for geographical expansion, suppression of disagreement, economic stagnation, poor administrative policies, a corrupt bureaucracy, and frequent wars. The Straits (the Dardanelles and the Bosporus) and the Black Sea were to be open. A real persecution of intellectuals began after the Revolutions of 1848. It began, as always, in France. Nicholas expanded Russia’s territory like never before, gaining control of the Far East and pushing the country’s borders towards the Pacific Rim. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. Nicholas Sergeyevitch Timasheff (Russian: Никола́й Серге́евич Тима́шев; November 9, 1886 – March 9, 1970) was a Russian sociologist, professor of jurisprudence and writer.. Nicholas responded to the social unrest in the mid-ninteenth century both at home and abroad by becoming A wholesale change of regime was indicated to his son and successor, Alexander II. Willem van Oranje (1533-1584)/s. The future emperor’s first guardian and instructor was a Scottish nurse, Jane Lyon, who was appointed by Catherine II to care for the infant and who stayed with Nicholas constantly during the first seven years of his life. They opposed it with their own doctrine of the Western origin of Russian civilization. Nicholas I (Russian: Николай I Павлович, tr. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A more advanced curriculum went into effect in 1809, with courses ranging from political economy, logic, moral philosophy, and natural law to strategy. The private circle of followers of Mikhail Petrashevsky, a young utopian socialist, was sent to forced labour in Siberia for having read and discussed prohibited literature. In subsequent years he held several other military positions but of secondary significance. Some three and a half months after his birth, following the death of Catherine II the Great, Nicholas’s father became Emperor Paul I of Russia. Nicholas I of Russia Nicholas I (6 July 1796 – 2 March 1855) reigned as Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 until 1855. Nicholas I of Russia Turkey is a dying man. The tsar was fifty-eight. However, with the … In Moscow literary salons, they did not discuss the form of the government but dug deep into the very foundations of Russian history and the Russian national mind. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [ O.S. Herzen and Bakunin emigrated from Russia on the approach of the Revolutions of 1848. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Religion, drawing, arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and physics were added to the curriculum. Nicholas was born at Gatchina Palace in Gatchina to Grand Duke Paul, and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg).Five months after his birth, his grandmother, Catherine the Great, died and his parents became emperor and empress of Russia.He was a younger brother of Emperor Alexander I of Russia, who succeeded to the throne in 1801, and of … Most of them declared that Russia was unlike Europe and that its type of civilization was potentially far higher than the European. During the first five years he did not feel quite sure of himself, and he appealed for help to advisers of Alexander’s liberal period, such as Kochubey, Speransky, and Egor Frantsevich, Count Kankrin. The grand duke’s observations deal, typically, with appearances rather than with causes and reflect a number of his prejudices, including his bitter dislike of Poles and Jews. One group, the … Less than a year after his return to Russia and a few months after his marriage, Nicholas was appointed inspector general of the army corps of engineers. A few years later he inadvertently provoked a conflict with Turkey, because of a special question on the distribution of holy places in Jerusalem between Catholic and Orthodox priests, which he involved with the question of the general protectorate of Russia over Christian subjects of the sultan. A secret committee, presided over by Dmitry Buturlin, was founded to punish press offenses. He was a supporter of the liberal (sometimes referred to as 'enlightened') bureaucrats during the period of Alexander II's great reforms and served as chairman of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society (founded in 1845). We may endeavour to keep him alive, but we shall not succeed. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-I-tsar-of-Russia, Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Nicholas, GlobalSecurity.org - Biography of Nicholas I, Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine - Biography of Nicholas I. This secrecy resulted in confusion at Alexander's death and touched off the Decembrist uprising, a rebellion against Nicholas, … In the words of a competent observer: “The only failing of this extraordinary woman was her being excessively, one may say, exacting of her children and of the people dependent on her.”. He abolished the liberal university statutes of Alexander (1804). He will, he must die. “Submit yourselves, ye peoples, for God is with us”: thus ended his manifesto published on April 8 (March 27, Old Style), 1848. Nicholas I, 1796–1855, czar of Russia (1825–55), third son of Paul I. As directed by Gen. Matthew Lamsdorff, it emphasized severe discipline and formalism. He sent a Russian army to subdue Hungary when it revolted against the Habsburgs. His favourite English companion was the duke of Wellington. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. His early life gave little indication of his ultimate potential; until the time of his accession in 1855, aged 37, few [quantify] imagined that posterity would know him for implementing the most challenging reforms … Nicholas had three brothers, two of whom, the future emperor Alexander I and Constantine, were 19 and 17 years older than he. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Alexander I Grandson of Catherine the Great and represented Russia in the Congress of Vienna. The Russian trip covered much ground at great speed and was quite superficial, but it has interest for the historian because of the notes that Nicholas, following the instructions of his mother, took on everything seen and heard. How could he be when peasant uprisings were steadily growing in frequency? Nicholas I (Russian:Николай I Павлович, tr. Beyond that, Nicholas was powerfully attracted by the Prussian court and even more so by the Prussian army. This was extremely important both for the security of the southern borders and for the economic development of the state. To complete his training, Grand Duke Nicholas was sent on two educational voyages—an extensive tour of Russia that lasted from May to September in 1816 and a journey to England, where the future emperor spent four months late that same year and early in 1817. He was a brother of Alexander I of Russia and of Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia. Originally Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine at birth, she was given the name and patronymic Alexandra Feodorovna when she converted and was received into the Russian Orthodox … Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [ O.S. In December 1826 he even instructed a special committee to collect for him all useful hints about necessary reforms. English: Nicholas I (Russian language: Николай I Павлович, Nikolai I Pavlovich), 6 July (25 June, Old Style), 1796 – March 2 (18 February Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. It was the third, Michael, his junior by two years, and a sister, Anne, who became his childhood companions and intimate lifelong friends. Nicholas I(Николай I Павлович, rNikolai I Pavlovich; 6 July [O.S.25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S.18 February] 1855) was the Emperor of Russiafrom 1825 until 1855. The most significant facts about Nicholas I of Russia in interactive timeline full of images, videos, and quotations They were idealists and students of the philosophy of Schelling, Fichte, and Hegel. On October 23, 1853, Turkish forces attacked the advanced Russian troops in the Danubian principalities; on November 1, Russia declared war on Turkey. Moreover, he always remained in his heart a dedicated junior officer. 18 February] 1855) reigned as Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 until 1855. Catherine Jackson 2021 Czar Actions 1. On the side of his father, Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882-1944), he was a descendant of the Romanovs – Nicholas I of Russia was a grandfather to Philip’s grandmother. He was also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. Nicholas I (July 6, 1796 – March 3, 1855) reigned as Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855. He became very paranoid during the end of his reign that someone was going to over through him. His Grandmother, Catherine the Great, marvelled at his size at birth, calling him the 'colossus'. British forces firing upon Sevastopol, Russia; lithograph, 1855. A major element in this policy was the Eastern Question, which involved Russia’s desire to ensure the existence of a regime favorable to Russia in the Black Sea straits. Nikolay I Pavlovich; 6 July [ O.S. “We were all as if thunderstruck,” Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich wrote in his diary. Sidney Hellman Ehrman Professor of European History, University of California, Berkeley. The grand dukes were allowed to join the army in 1814, and, although they saw no actual fighting, they lived through the heady emotions of those momentous years and also enjoyed the opportunities to stay in Paris and other places in western and central Europe. 1 Children 2 Footnotes (including sources) Timasheff "came from an old family of Russian nobility"; his father was Minister of Trade and Industry under Nicholas II. His successor, Prince Platon Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, wished to “base all teaching on religious truth.” The university chairs of philosophy were closed, and the number of students limited; many writers were arrested, exiled, or otherwise punished. Updates? Nicholas I, Russian in full Nikolay Pavlovich, (born July 6 [June 25, Old Style], 1796, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia—died February 18 [March 2, New Style], 1855, St. Petersburg), Russian emperor (1825–55), often considered the personification of classic autocracy. He felt remarkably happy and at home in his adopted family and country, which for many years he tried to visit as often as he could. He kicked out all the foreigners and reformed the education system to be more religious based and conservative. Nicholas I. Nicholas I. Monument to Nicholas I, Saint Petersburg, Russia. He was killed in a palace revolution of 1801, which made Alexander emperor when Nicholas was not quite five years old. He was also King of Poland until his deposition in 1831. Nicholas I of Russia. European powers would not admit this protectorate, and Nicholas found himself confronting not only Napoleon III and Britain but also “thankless Austria.”. Revolution came at the end of February 1848. Such quick inspection tours later became almost an obsession of the emperor. Circumstances also favoured militarism. The path to power, marred by a bloody drama, was an arduous one for Nicholas I. 25 May] 1872 – 17 July 1918) was Empress of Russia from her marriage to Emperor Nicholas II on 26 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 16 March [O.S. Nicholas’s reign is divided into three periods by two European sets of revolutions: those of 1830 and those of 1848. For his reactionary policies, he has been called the emperor who froze Russia for 30 years. The Grand Duke Constantine,(9 September 1827 – 13 January 1892, second son of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, and admiral of the Russian fleet, who reformed the Russian Navy. Foreign policy and the Russo-Japanese War, Revolution of 1905 and the First and Second Dumas, Aleksandr Khristoforovich, Count Benckendorff. They numbered about 41 in the first four years of his reign, and there were 378 between 1830 and 1849, along with 137 during the last five years. Alexandra Feodorovna (6 June [O.S. Nicholas adopted Alexander’s policy of protecting the kings from their peoples, but he made an exception for Christian Turkish subjects. A half-hearted measure for solving the peasant question was sought in the creation of "military settlements" and by encouraging landowners to voluntarily free their peasants under the … Nicholas I July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796 – March 2 (18 February Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. Military science, becoming a fine army engineer and expert in several other military positions but of secondary.... It to the curriculum be emperor offers, and Hegel Alexander ( ). 25, 1796 that the revolution was long awaited, it emphasized severe discipline and formalism 3 March.! 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